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Mughal artillery
Mughal artillery included a variety of cannons, rockets, and mines employed by the Mughal Empire. This gunpowder technology played an important role in the formation and expansion of the empire.
==History==
Artillery was not widely employed in Central Asia prior to the 16th century, despite Chinese mortars having been known to the Mongols hundreds of years earlier. Even some limited use of cannon at Hisar by the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza in 1496 did not lead to a substantial role military role for artillery in India,〔 nor did the presence of Portuguese ship's cannon at the 1509 Battle of Diu.〔 However, following the decisive Ottoman victory over the Safavid Empire at the 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, Babur incorporated artillery and Ottoman artillery tactics into his military.〔 Although authorities disagree about how many cannons he brought to India,〔 Babur's artillery played a "key role" in the establishment of the Mughal Empire.〔 In 1526, the First Battle of Panipat saw the introduction of massed artillery tactics to Indian warfare.〔 Under the guidance of Ottoman gun master〔 Ustad Ali Quli, Babur deployed cannons behind a screening row of carts. Enemy commander Ibrahim Lodi was provoked into a frontal attack against Babur's position, allowing him to make ideal use of his firepower.〔〔 This tactic also panicked Lodi's elephant cavalry, beginning the end of elephant warfare as a dominant offensive strategy in India.〔 These new weapons and tactics were even more important〔 against the more formidable army faced in the Battle of Khanwa the following year.〔
Artillery remained an important part of the Mughal military, in both field deployment and incorporation into defensive forts. However, transportation of the extremely heavy guns remained problematic,〔 even as weapon technology improved during the reign of Akbar.〔
Later emperors paid less attention to the technical aspects of artillery, allowing the Mughal Empire to gradually fall behind in weapon technology,〔 although the degree to which this decline affected military operations is debated.〔 Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal technology remained superior to that of the breakaway Maratha,〔 but traditional Mughal artillery tactics were difficult to employ against Maratha guerilla raids.〔 In 1652 and 1653, during the Mughal–Safavid War, prince Dara Shikoh was able to move light artillery through the Bolan Pass to assist in the siege of Qandahar.〔 But problems with the accuracy and reliability of the weapons,〔 as well as the inherent defensive strengths of the fort,〔 failed to produce a victory. By the 18th century, the bronze guns of the declining empire were unable to compete with the standardized production of European cast-iron weapons〔 and performed poorly against colonial forces, such as Jean Law de Lauriston's French troops.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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